Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a serious eye disease that can occur in premature babies, specifically those born before 34 weeks of gestation or who weigh less than 2000 grams. It affects the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye, and can lead to vision problems or even blindness if not treated. This course provides a comprehensive guide to ROP, covering anatomy, pathophysiology, screening, staging, treatment options, and preventive strategies. Additionally, need of the time is to improve ROP screening awareness in upcoming medical students, ophthalmologists, paediatricians and healthcare professionals.